Method for de novo peptide sequence determination

ABSTRACT

The present invention relates to a method for generating a library of peptides based on a peptide of a predetermined molecular mass and to a method of determining the amino acid sequence of the peptide from the library. A set of amino acids that can be present in the peptide are defined, and an allowed library of all possible sequences of the amino acids in the set having a total mass equal to the predetermined molecular mass, allowing for water lost in forming peptide bonds and for protonation, is generated. The allowed library may be generated by first generating a set of all combinations of amino acids having a total mass equal to the predetermined molecular mass of the peptide and then calculating all linear permutations of all amino acids in each such combination. Generally, the molecular mass is determined using a mass spectrometer. A theoretical fragmentation spectrum for every amino acid sequence in the allowed set may also be calculated for use in determining the amino acid sequence of the peptide. The fragmentation spectra may be of any type known in the art, such as a mass spectrum or a protease or chemical fragmentation spectrum. The theoretical fragmentation spectra calculated for each member of the allowed peptide library may be compared to an experimental fragmentation spectrum for the unknown peptide to determine the amino acid sequence of the unknown peptide.

This application claims the priority benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(a)-(d) of Great Britain Patent Application No. GB 9710582.9, filed on May 22, 1997.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The invention relates to a method for the determination of the precise linear sequence of amino acids in a peptide, polypeptide, or protein without recourse or reference to either a known pre-defined data base or to sequential amino acid residue analysis. As such, the method of the invention is a true, de novo peptide sequence determination method.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

The composition of a peptide, polypeptide, or protein as a sequence of amino acids is well understood. Each peptide, polypeptide, and protein is uniquely defined by a precise linear sequence of amino acids. Knowledge of the precise linear arrangement or sequence of amino acids in a peptide, polypeptide, or protein is required for various purposes, including DNA cloning in which the sequence of amino acids provides information required for oligonucleotide probes and polymerase chain reaction (“PCR”) primers. Knowledge of the exact sequence also allows the synthesis of peptides for antibody production, provides identification of peptides, polypeptides, and proteins, aids in the characterization of recombinant products, and is useful in the study of post-translational modifications.

A variety of sequencing methods are available to obtain the amino acid sequence information. For example, a series of chemical reactions, e.g., Edman reactions, or enzymatic reactions, e.g., exo-peptidase reactions, are used to prepare sequential fragments of the unknown peptide. Either an analysis of the sequential fragments or a sequential analysis of the removed amino acids is used to determine the linear amino acid sequence of the unknown peptide. Typically, the Edman degradation chemistry is used in modern automated protein sequencers.

In the Edman degradation, a peptide, polypeptide, or protein is sequenced by degradation from the N-terminus using the Edman reagent, phenylisothiocyanate (“PITC”). The degradation process involves three steps, i.e., coupling, cleavage, and conversion. In the coupling step, PITC modifies the N-terminal residue of the peptide, polypeptide, or protein. An acid cleavage then cleaves the N-terminal amino acid in the form of an unstable anilinothiazolinone (“ATZ”) derivative, and leaves the peptide, polypeptide, or protein with a reactive N-terminus and shortened by one amino acid. The ATZ derivative is converted to a stable phenylthiohydantoin in the conversion step for identification, typically with reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography (“RP-HPLC”). The shortened peptide, polypeptide, or protein is left with a free N-terminus that can undergo another cycle of the degradation reaction. Repetition of the cycle results in the sequential identification of each amino acid in the peptide, polypeptide, or protein. Because of the sequential nature of amino acid release, only one molecular substance can be sequenced at a time. Therefore, peptide, polypeptide, or protein samples must be extremely pure for accurate and efficient sequencing. Typically, samples must be purified with HPLC or SDS-PAGE techniques.

Although many peptide, polypeptide, and protein sequences have been determined by Edman degradation, currently, most peptide, polypeptide, and protein sequences are deduced from DNA sequences determined from the corresponding gene or cDNA. However, the determination of a protein sequence using a DNA sequencing technique requires knowledge of the specific nucleotide sequence used to synthesize the protein. DNA sequencing cannot be used where the nature of the protein or the specific DNA sequence used to synthesize the protein is unknown.

A peptide, polypeptide, or protein sequence may also be determined from experimental fragmentation spectra of the unknown peptide, polypeptide, or protein, typically obtained using activation or collision-induced fragmentation in a mass spectrometer. Tandem mass spectrometry (“MS/MS”) techniques have been particularly useful. In MS/MS, a peptide is first purified, and then injected into a first mass spectrometer. This first mass spectrometer serves as a selection device, and selects a target peptide of a particular molecular mass from a mixture of peptides and polypeptides or proteins, and eliminates most contaminants from the analysis. The target molecule is then activated or fragmented to form a mixture from the target or parent peptide of various peptides of a lower mass that are fragments of the parent. The mixture is then selected through a second mass spectrometer (i.e. step), generating a fragment spectrum.

Typically, in the past, the analysis of fragmentation spectra to determine peptide sequences has involved hypothesizing one or more amino acid sequences based on the fragmentation spectrum. In certain favorable cases, an expert researcher can interpret the fragmentation spectra to determine the linear amino acid sequence of an unknown peptide. The candidate sequences may then be compared with known amino acid sequences in protein sequence libraries.

In one strategy, the mass of each amino acid is subtracted from the molecular mass of the parent peptide to determine the possible molecular mass of a fragment, assuming that each amino acid is in a terminal position. The experimental fragment spectrum is then examined to determine if a fragment with such a mass is present. A score is generated for each amino acid, and the scores are sorted to generate a list of partial sequences for the next subtraction cycle. The subtraction cycle is repeated until subtraction of the mass of an amino acid leaves a difference of between −0.5 and 0.5, resulting in one or more candidate amino acid sequences. The highest scoring candidate sequences are then compared to sequences in a library of known protein sequences in an attempt to identify a protein having a sub-sequence similar or identical to the candidate sequence that generated the fragment spectrum.

Although useful in certain contexts, there are difficulties related to hypothesizing candidate amino acid sequences based on fragmentation spectra. The interpretation of fragmentation spectra is time consuming, can generally be performed only in a few laboratories that have extensive experience with mass spectrometry, and is highly technical and often inaccurate. Human interpretation is relatively slow, and may be highly subjective. Moreover, methods based on peptide mass mapping are limited to peptide masses derived from an intact homogeneous peptide, polypeptide, or protein generated by specific, known proteolytic cleavage, and, thus, are not applicable in general to a mixture of peptides, polypeptides, or proteins.

U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,897 to Yates, III et al. provides a method of correlating the fragmentation spectrum of an unknown peptide with theoretical spectra calculated from described peptide sequences stored in a database to match the amino acid sequence of the unknown peptide to that of a described peptide. Known amino acid sequences, e.g., in a protein sequence library, are used to calculate or predict one or more candidate fragment spectra. The predicted fragment spectra are then compared with the experimentally-obtained fragment spectrum of the unknown protein to determine the best match or matches. Preferably, the mass of the unknown peptide is known. Sub-sequences of the various sequences in the protein sequence library are analyzed to identify those sub-sequences corresponding to a peptide having a mass equal to or within a given tolerance of the mass of the parent peptide in the fragmentation spectrum. For each sub-sequence having the proper mass, a predicted fragment spectrum can be calculated by calculating masses of various amino acid subsets of the candidate peptide. As a result, a plurality of candidate peptides, each having predicted fragment spectrum, is obtained. The predicted fragment spectra are then compared with the fragment spectrum obtained experimentally for the unknown protein to identify one or more proteins having sub-sequences that are likely to be identical to the sequence of peptides that resulted in the experimentally-derived fragment spectrum. However, this technique cannot be used to derive the sequence of unknown, novel proteins or peptides having no sequence or sub-sequence identity with those pre-described or contained in such databases, and, thus, is not a de novo sequencing method.

Therefore, there remains a need for a true de novo sequencing method of determining the amino acid sequence of a peptide using mass spectrometry.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a method for generating a library of peptides, wherein each peptide in the library has a molecular mass corresponding to the same predetermined molecular mass. Typically, the library of peptides is then used to determine the amino acid sequence of an unknown peptide having the predetermined molecular mass. Preferably, the predetermined molecular mass used to generate the library is the molecular mass of the unknown peptide. Most preferably, the molecular mass of the unknown peptide is determined prior to the generation of the library using a mass spectrometer, such as a time-of-flight mass spectrometer.

The library is synthetic, i.e., not pre-described, and is typically generated each time a peptide is analyzed, based on the predetermined molecular mass of the unknown peptide. The library is generated by defining a set of all allowed combinations of amino acids that can be present in the unknown peptide, where the molecular mass of each combination corresponds to the predetermined molecular mass within the experimental accuracy of the device used to determine the molecular mass, allowing for water lost in peptide bond formation and for protonation, and generating an allowed library of all possible permutations of the linear sequence of amino acids in each combination in the set.

Generally, the present invention is directed to a method for determining the amino acid sequence of an unknown peptide, which comprises determining a molecular mass and an experimental fragmentation spectrum for the unknown peptide, comparing the experimental fragmentation spectrum of the unknown peptide to theoretical fragmentation spectra calculated for each individual member of an allowed synthetic peptide library, where the allowed peptide library is of the type described above, and identifying a peptide in the peptide library having a theoretical fragmentation spectrum that matches most closely the fragmentation spectrum of the unknown peptide, from which it is inferred that the amino acid sequence of the identified peptide in the allowed library represents the amino acid sequence of the unknown peptide.

The molecular mass for the unknown peptide may be determined by any means known in the art, but is preferably determined with a mass spectrometer. Allowed combinations of amino acids are chosen from a set of allowed amino acids that typically comprises the natural amino acids, i.e., tryptophan, arginine, histidine, glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid, leucine, threonine, proline, alanine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, methionine, lysine, asparagine, isoleucine, cysteine, valine, serine, and glycine, but may also include other amino acids, including, but not limited to, non-natural amino acids and chemically modified derivatives of the natural amino acids, e.g., carbamidocysteine and deoxymethionine. Allowed combinations of amino acids are then calculated using one or more individual members of this set of amino acids, allowing for known mass changes associated with peptide bond formation, such that the total mass of each allowed combination corresponds to the predetermined mass of the unknown peptide to within the experimental accuracy to which this molecular mass of the unknown peptide was calculated, typically about 30 ppm. The set of allowed combinations is most easily calculated using an appropriately programmed computer. The allowed peptide library is assembled by permutation in all possible linear combinations of each allowed amino acid composition, and is also most easily constructed using an appropriately programmed computer. It should be noted that the term “allowed” with respect to amino acid combinations and libraries of peptides refers to combinations and libraries specific to the unknown peptide under investigation. The peptide library is constructed from the amino acid combinations, which in turn are calculated from the experimentally determined molecular mass. As unknown peptides of different mass are investigated, so different combinations of amino acids are allowed, and hence each unknown peptide of unique molecular mass gives rise to a unique peptide library.

The nature of the fragmentation process from which the theoretical fragmentation spectrum is calculated for every peptide in the allowed library may be of any type known in the art, such as a mass spectrum or a protease or chemical fragmentation spectrum. Preferably, both the molecular mass and the fragmentation spectrum for the unknown peptide are obtained from a tandem mass spectrometer. The immonium ion region of the mass spectrum used to determine the molecular mass may also be used to identify amino acids contained in the unknown peptide. The identity of these amino acids is then used to constrain the allowed library. The amino acid sequence of the peptide from the allowed library of peptides, having a calculated fragmentation spectrum that best fits the experimental fragmentation spectrum of the unknown peptide, corresponds to the amino acid sequence of the unknown peptide.

Although not required, the experimental fragmentation spectrum is generally normalized. A factor that is an indication of closeness-of-fit between the experimental fragmentation spectrum of the unknown peptide, polypeptide, or protein and each of the theoretical fragmentation spectra calculated for the peptide library may then be calculated to determine which of the theoretical fragmentation spectra best fits the experimental fragmentation spectrum. Preferably, peak values in the fragmentation spectra having an intensity greater than a predetermined threshold value are selected when calculating the indication of closeness-of-fit. The theoretical fragmentation spectrum that best fits the experimental fragmentation spectrum corresponds to the amino acid sequence in the allowed library that matches that of the unknown peptide, polypeptide, or protein.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a flow chart of the method of the invention.

FIG. 2 is a flow chart of a preferred embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is the experimental mass spectrum used to determine the molecular mass of unknown Peptide X.

FIG. 4 is the immonium ion region of the mass spectrum shown in FIG. 3, and identifies amino acids contained in unknown Peptide X.

FIG. 5 is the experimental fragmentation mass spectrum of Peptide X.

FIG. 6 is the experimental mass spectrum used to determine the molecular mass of Peptide Y.

FIG. 7 is the immonium ion region of the mass spectrum shown in FIG. 6, and identifies amino acids contained in Peptide Y.

FIG. 8 is the experimental tandem mass spectrum of Peptide Y.

FIG. 9 is the experimental mass spectrum used to determine the molecular mass of Peptide Z.

FIG. 10 is the immonium ion region of the mass spectrum shown in FIG. 9, and identifies amino acids contained in Peptide Z.

FIG. 11 is the experimental tandem mass spectrum of Peptide Z.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is directed to a de novo method for determining the sequence of an unknown peptide without reference to any experimentally determined peptide or nucleotide sequence, and without recourse to a sequential and step-wise identification and ordering of individual amino acid residues, such as the Edman degradation process or interpretation of conventional mass spectrometry fragmentation patterns. In the method of the invention, a library of theoretical peptide sequences is generated from a predetermined molecular mass, preferably the experimentally determined molecular mass of an unknown peptide. As such, this library must contain the amino acid sequence of the unknown peptide, as well as that of any other peptide having the predetermined molecular mass. The precise amino acid sequence of the unknown is identified by applying standard correlation functions to select that peptide from the synthetic library whose calculated, i.e., theoretical, fragmentation spectrum most closely matches the fragmentation pattern of the unknown. In the preferred embodiment, the fragmentation spectrum is a mass spectrum and the correlation method is the function described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,897, the contents of which are incorporated herein in their entirety by reference. Preferably, the theoretical fragmentation spectra are generated and matched to the fragmentation pattern of the unknown using an appropriately programmed computer.

The invention may be better understood by reference to the flow chart provided in FIG. 1. Where the peptide is a protein or large polypeptide, the protein or large polypeptide may be cleaved to form a peptide pool by means well known in the art. The unknown peptide (“Peptide X”) is then separated from the pool by HPLC or any other means known in the art, preferably mass spectrometry, and the molecular mass of Peptide X is determined. Although there are a number of methods for determining the molecular mass of Peptide X the preferred method is again mass spectrometry.

A set of amino acids that theory or experimental results teach may be included in Peptide X is then defined for consideration in determining the sequence of Peptide X. The defined set of amino acids may include modified or unnatural amino acids in addition to natural amino acids.

Typically, the method of the invention requires a “naked” peptide when determining the amino acid sequence. Therefore, the peptide should be free of any individual amino acids that are covalently modified by post-translational modification, such as, e.g., glycosylation, which involves the attachment of carbohydrate to the side chain of certain amino acids. Where the method of the invention is used to determine the amino acid sequence of a post-translationally modified peptide, the modifications are typically removed from the peptide prior to the analysis, taking due care to leave the peptide intact. Methods for removing post-translational modifications from peptides are well known in the art, and include, for example, the removal of N-linked carbohydrates with enzymes, such as peptide-N-glycosidase F (PNGase F), endo-glycosidases, mixtures of exo-glycosidases, etc., and the removal of phosphate modification with phosphatases. In addition, other techniques for removing modifications occasionally found on peptides are well known in the art. However, where a specific modification to a specific amino acid is known to be present in the unknown peptide, the modified amino acid may be included in the defined set of amino acids that theory or experimental results teach may be included in Peptide X, and, thus, the sequence of the peptide containing the modified peptide may be determined with the method of the present invention.

All combinations of amino acids having a total mass equal to the measured mass of Peptide X are calculated, allowing for water lost in determining peptide links, protonation, etc. Any individual amino acid may be included as part of any given combination at any integral stoichiometry up to the amount consistent with the mass determined for Peptide X. These combinations comprise all of the allowed combinations of amino acids combinations for Peptide X, and, therefore, the actual amino acid compositions of Peptide X will be represented in one and only one of these combinations. Furthermore, these combinations are generally peptide specific.

An allowed library of linear peptides is then constructed from the allowed combinations of amino acids. The allowed library is constructed by generating all possible linear permutations of the sequence of amino acids in each combination, using all the amino acids in each combination. The allowed library comprises all such permutations of the amino acids, and therefore must include Peptide X. The allowed library of peptides having the same molecular mass as Peptide X is typically constructed independently and ab initio for each new unknown peptide that is sequenced. That is, a new library is typically constructed as part of each analysis, and for only that analysis. However, as will be clear to one of ordinary skill in the art, once a library of all peptides, polypeptides, or proteins having a given molecular mass has been constructed, that library may be used for the determination of the amino acid sequence of any other peptide, polypeptide, or protein of that particular molecular mass.

This differs fundamentally from existing data base approaches in which a single data base of known sequences, which is subject to periodic updates and refinements based on the availability of experimentally determined sequences, is used for all analyses. As a result, with the method of the present invention, the determination of new and previously unknown peptides sequences that are not present in any experimentally determined peptide sequence library is possible by direct peptide analysis in a non-step-wise, operator-independent automated process. In addition, the method of the invention is not constrained to the conventional twenty amino acids, or to their conventional modifications.

In a preferred embodiment, as shown in the flow chart provided in FIG. 2, additional information relating to Peptide X is used to place constraints on the allowed combinations of amino acids and/or allowed peptide sequences in the library, and, thus, reduce the number of possible sequences. Useful information related to Peptide X includes, but is not limited to, partial amino acid composition. For example, the mass spectrum used to determine the mass of Peptide X may include fragments that can be used to identify specific amino acids present in Peptide X. Where it is known that certain amino acids are definitely present in Peptide X, constraints are placed on the allowed combinations and allowed library by requiring the identified amino acids to be present in all combinations and, thus, in every peptide present in the library.

Again with reference to FIGS. 1 and 2, the allowed library, which has preferably been constrained, is then used as the basis for generating theoretical fragmentation patterns that are compared to the experimental fragmentation pattern obtained for Peptide X. The fragmentation patterns may be obtained by any suitable means known in the art. Preferably, the fragmentation patterns are mass spectra, and the method used to match the theoretical and experimental mass spectra is that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,897. However, protease or chemical fragmentation, coupled to HPLC separation of the fragments, may also be used to obtain the experimental fragmentation patterns.

Preferably, in a determination of the amino acid sequence of Peptide X, the molecular mass of Peptide X is determined with high accuracy, typically, to within about 30 ppm (parts per million). An example of such a spectrum is provided in FIG. 3, where the molecular mass of Peptide X is determined from the peak at 774.3928 daltons. In addition, as a result of the partial fragmentation of Peptide X that can occur, fragments that identify certain amino acids that are contained in Peptide X are also observed, allowing the peptide library to be constrained. An example of this portion of the mass spectrum for Peptide X is provided in FIG. 4.

Peptide X is then subjected to collision-induced dissociation in a mass spectrometer. The parent peptide and its fragments are then introduced into the second mass spectrometer that provides an intensity or count and the mass to charge ratio, m/z, for each of the fragments in the fragment mixture. Each fragment ion is represented in a bar graph in which the abscissa value is m/z and the ordinate value is the intensity. A variety of mass spectrometer types can be used, including, but not limited to a triple-quadrapole mass spectrometry, Fourier-transform cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, tandem time-of-flight mass spectrometry, and quadrapole ion trap mass spectrometry.

The experimental fragment spectrum is then compared to the mass spectra predicted for the sequences of the allowed library to identify one or more predicted mass spectra that closely match the experimental mass spectrum. Because the allowed library includes all permutations of amino acid sequences that have a total mass corresponding to that of Peptide X, Peptide X must be represented in the allowed library.

The predicted fragmentation spectra may be obtained and compared to the experimental fragmentation spectrum by employing a method that involves first normalizing the experimental fragmentation spectrum. This may be accomplished by converting the experimental fragmentation spectrum to a list of masses and intensities. The peak values for Peptide X are removed, and the square root of the remaining intensity values is calculated, and normalized to a maximum value of 100. The 200 most intense ions are divided into ten mass regions, and the maximum intensity within each region is again normalized to 100. Each ion within 3.0 daltons of its neighbor on either side is given an intensity value equal to the greater of the intensity of the ion or that of its neighbor. Other normalization methods can be used, and it is possible to perform the analysis without normalizing. However, in general, normalization is preferred. In particular, maximum normalized values, the number of intense ions, the number of mass regions, and the size of the window for assuming the intensity value of a near neighbor may all be independently varied to larger or smaller values.

A fragment mass spectrum is predicted for each of the candidate sequences. The fragment mass spectrum is predicted by calculating the fragment ion masses for the type b and y ions for the amino acid sequence. When a peptide is fragmented and the charge is retained on the N-terminal cleavage fragment, the resulting ion is labelled as a b-type ion. If the charge is retained on the C-terminal fragment, it is labelled a y-type ion. Masses for type b ions were calculated by summing the amino acid masses and adding the mass of a proton. Masses for type y ions were calculated by summing, from the C-terminus, the masses of the amino acids and adding the mass of water and a proton to the initial amino acid. In this way, it is possible to calculate an m/z value for each fragment.

However, in order to provide a predicted mass spectrum, it is also necessary to assign an intensity value for each fragment. Although it is often possible to predict, on a theoretical basis, intensity value for each fragment, this procedure is difficult, and it has been found useful to assign intensities in the following fashion. The value of 50.0 is assigned to each b and y ion. To masses of 1 dalton on either side of the fragment ion, an intensity of 25.0 is assigned. Peak intensities of 10.0 are assigned at masse peaks 17.0 and 18.0 daltons below the m/z of each b and y ion location to account for both NH₃ and H₂O loss, and peak intensities of 10.0 are assigned to mass peaks 28.0 daltons below each type b ion location to account for CO loss.

After calculation of predicted m/z values and assignment of intensities, it is preferred to calculate a measure of closeness-of-fit between the predicted mass spectra and the experimentally-derived fragment spectrum. A number of methods for calculating closeness-of-fit are available. For example, a two-step method may be used that includes calculating a preliminary closeness-of-fit score, referred to here as S_(p), and calculating a correlation function for the highest-scoring amino acid sequences. In the preferred embodiment, S_(p) is calculated using the following formula:

S _(p)=(Σi _(m))*n* _(i)(1+β)*(1−ρ)/n _(τ)  (1)

where i_(m) are the matched intensities, n_(i) are the number of matched fragment ions, β is the type b and y ion continuity, ρ is the presence of immonium ions and their respective amino acids in the predicted sequence, and n_(τ) is the total number of fragment ions. The factor, β, evaluates the continuity of a fragment ion series. If there is a fragment ion match for the ion immediately preceding the current type b or y ion, β is incremented by 0.075 from an initial value of 0.0. This increases the preliminary score for those peptides matching a successive series of type b and y ions, since extended series of ions of the same type are often observed in MS/MS spectra. The factor ρ evaluates the presence of immonium ions in the low mass end of the mass spectrum.

The detection of immonium ions may be used diagnostically to determine the presence of certain types of amino acids in the sequence. For example, if immonium ions are present at 110.0, 120.0, or 136.0±1.0 daltons in the processed data file of the unknown peptide with normalized intensities greater than 40.0, indicating the presence of histidine, phenylalanine, and tyrosine respectively, then the sequence under evaluation is checked for the presence of the amino acid indicated by the immonium ion. The preliminary score, S_(p), for the peptide is either increased or decreased by a factor of 1−ρ, where ρ is the sum of the penalties for each of the three amino acids whose presence is indicated in the low mass region. Each individual ρ can take on the value of −0.15 if there is a corresponding low mass peak, and the amino acid is not present in the sequence, +0.15 if there is a corresponding low mass peak and the amino acid is present in the sequence, or 0.0 if the low mass peak is not present. The total penalty can range from −0.45, where all three low mass peaks are present in the spectrum, but are not present in the sequence, to +0.45, where all three low mass peaks are present in the spectrum, and are present in the sequence.

Following the calculation of the preliminary closeness-of-fit score S_(p). the predicted mass spectra having the highest S_(p) scores are selected for further analysis using the correlation function. The number of candidate predicted mass spectra that are selected for further analysis will depend largely on the computational resources and time available.

For purposes of calculating the correlation function, the experimentally-derived fragment spectrum is typically preprocessed in a fashion somewhat different from preprocessing employed before calculating S_(p). For purposes of the correlation function, the precursor ion is removed from the spectrum, and the spectrum is divided into 10 sections. Ions in each section are then normalized to 50.0. The section-wise normalized spectra are then used for calculating the correlation function. The discrete correlation between the two functions may be calculated as: $\begin{matrix} {R_{\tau} = {{\sum\limits_{i = 0}^{n - 1}{x_{i}y_{i}}} + \tau}} & (2) \end{matrix}$

where τ is a lag value. The discrete correlation theorem states that the discrete correlation of two real functions x and y is one member of the discrete Fourier transform pair

R _(τ) ⇄X _(τ) Y*τ  (3)

where X(t) and Y(t) are the discrete Fourier transforms of x(i) and y(i), and the Y* denotes complex conjugation. Therefore, the cross-correlations can be computed by Fourier transformation of the two data sets using the fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm, multiplication of one transform by the complex conjugate of the other, and inverse transformation of the resulting product.

The predicted spectra as well as the pre-processed unknown spectrum may be zero-padded to 4096 data points, since the MS/MS spectra are not periodic, as intended by the correlation theorem, and the FFT algorithm requires N to be a integer power of two, so the resulting end effects need to be considered. The final score attributed to each candidate peptide sequence is R(0) minus the mean of the cross-correlation function over the range −75<t<75. This modified “correlation parameter”, described in Powell and Heiftje, Anal. Chim. Acta, 100:313-327 (1978), shows better discrimination over just the spectral correlation coefficient R(0). The raw scores are normalized to 1.0. Preferably, the output includes the normalized raw score, the candidate peptide mass, the unnormalized correlation coefficient, the preliminary score, the fragment ion continuity β, the immonium ion factor τ, the number of type b and y ions matched out of the total number of fragment ions, their matched intensities, the protein accession number, and the candidate peptide sequence.

The correlation function can be used to automatically select one of the predicted mass spectra as corresponding to the experimentally-derived fragment spectrum. Preferably, however, a number of sequences from the library are output and final selection of a single sequence is done by a skilled operator.

Depending on the computing and time resources available, it may be advantageous to employ data-reduction techniques. Preferably these techniques will emphasize the most informative ions in the spectrum while not unduly affecting search speed. One technique involves considering only some of the fragment ions in the MS/MS spectrum, which, for a peptide may contain as many as 3,000 fragment ions. According to one data reduction strategy, the ions are ranked by intensity, and some fraction of the most intense ions is used for comparison. Another approach involves subdividing the spectrum into a small number of regions, e.g., about 5, and using the 50 most intense ions in each region as part of the data set. Yet another approach involves selecting ions based on the probability of those ions being sequence ions. For example, ions could be selected which exist in mass windows of 57 through 186 daltons, i.e., the range of mass increments for the 20 common amino acids from glycine to tryptophan that contain diagnostic features of type b or y ions, such as losses of 17 or 18 daltons, corresponding to ammonia and water, or a loss of 28 daltons, corresponding to CO.

A number of different scoring algorithms can be used for determining preliminary closeness of fit or correlation. In addition to scoring based on the number of matched ions multiplied by the sum of the intensity, scoring can be based on the percentage of continuous sequence coverage represented by the sequence ions in the spectrum. For example, a 10 residue peptide will potentially contain 9 each of b and y type sequence ions. If a set of ions extends from b₁ to b₉, then a score of 100 is awarded, but if a discontinuity is observed in the middle of the sequence, such as missing the b₅ ion, a penalty is assessed. The maximum score is awarded for an amino acid sequence that contains a continuous ion series in both the b and y directions.

In the event the described scoring procedures do not delineate an answer, an additional technique for spectral comparison can be used in which the database is initially searched with a molecular weight value and a reduced set of fragment ions. Initial filtering of the database occurs by matching sequence ions and generating a score with one of the methods described above. The resulting set of answers will then undergo a more rigorous inspection process using a modified full MS/MS spectrum.

For the second stage analysis, one of several spectral matching approaches developed for spectral library searching is used. This will require generating a “library spectrum” for the peptide sequence based on the sequence ions predicted for that amino acid sequence. Intensity values for sequence ions of the “library spectrum” will be obtained from the experimental spectrum. If a fragment ion is predicted at m/z 256, then the intensity value for the ion in the experimental spectrum at m/z 256 will be used as the intensity of the ion in the predicted spectrum. Thus, if the predicted spectrum is identical to the “unknown” spectrum, it will represent an ideal spectrum. The spectra will then be compared using a correlation function. In general, it is believed that the majority of computational time for the above procedure is spent in the iterative search process. By multiplexing the analysis of multiple MS/MS spectra in one pass through the database, an overall improvement in efficiency will be realized. In addition, the mass tolerance used in the initial pre-filtering can affect search times by increasing or decreasing the number of sequences to analyze in subsequent steps.

Another approach to speed up searches involves a binary encryption scheme where the mass spectrum is encoded as peak/no peak at every mass depending on whether the peak is above a certain threshold value. If intensive use of a protein sequence library is contemplated, it may be possible to calculate and store predicted mass values of all sub-sequences within a predetermined range of masses so that at least some of the analysis can be performed by table look-up rather than calculation.

EXAMPLES

The following non-limiting examples are merely illustrative of the preferred embodiments of the present invention, and are not to be construed as limiting the invention, the scope of which is defined by the appended claims.

Example 1

The amino acid sequence of unknown Peptide X was determined using the method of the invention. The molecular mass of Peptide X was first determined using a matrix-assisted laser-desorption time-of-flight mass spectrometer (Voyager Elite, manufactured by Perseptive Biosystems) with delayed extraction and post source decay. As shown in FIG. 3, the mass of the protonated form of peptide X is 774.3928 daltons, which indicates a sass of 773.3928 daltons for Peptide X.

The set of amino acids that are possibly part of Peptide X were then defined for consideration in the analysis. The defined set of amino acids with the molecular mass of each amino acid less the mass of the one water molecule lost during peptide bond formation is provided below. The molecular masses are given in daltons or a.m.u.

tryptophan = 186.079313 carbamido cysteine = 160.03065 arginine = 156.10111 phenylalanine = 147.068414 histidine = 137.058912 methionine = 131.04085 glutamic acid = 129.042593 lysine = 128.094963 glutamine = 128.058577 asparagine = 114.042927 aspartic acid = 115.026943 isoleucine = 113.084064 leucine = 113.084064 cysteine = 103.009185 threonine = 101.047678 valine =  99.068414 proline =  97.052764 serine =  87.032028 alanine =  71.037114 glycine =  57.021464 tyrosine = 163.063328

The allowed combinations of amino acids for Peptide X were determined by first determining the molecular mass of Peptide X, as described above, to an experimental accuracy of 30 ppm (parts per million). Therefore, each allowed combination of amino acids in the allowed library must have a total mass of 773.3928±30 ppm. In addition to providing the molecular mass of Peptide X, the first mass spectrum also confirmed the presence of certain amino acids in Peptide X. The immonium region of this mass spectrum, which shows the presence of these amino acids, is given in FIG. 4. In particular, the immonium region of the spectrum indicates the presence of arginine with a characteristic mass of 174.988, leucine/isoleucine with a characteristic mass at 85.8851 (these amino acids have the same mass, and are therefore not distinguishable by mass alone), histidine with a characteristic mass at 109.823, and tyrosine with a characteristic mass at 135.915. Therefore, it was possible to constrain the allowed library to sets containing arginine, leucine/isoleucine, histidine, and tyrosine, having a total molecular mass of 773.3928±30 ppm.

To determine the sets of amino acids that have a total molecular mass of 773.3928±30 ppm, the following equation was applied:

MM_(x)=Σ(histidine)+(tyrosine)+(leucine/isoleucine)+(arginine)+(H₂O)+(aa₁)+ - - - +(aa_(n)),

where aa₁ - - - aa_(n) are any of the allowed amino acids, other than arginine, isoleucine, histidine, and tyrosine. The only combinations of amino acids that can have a total molecular mass of 773.3928±30 ppm are as follows:

1) tryptophan, arginine, leucine/isoleucine, histidine, and tyrosine.

2) glutamic acid, glycine, arginine, leucine/isoleucine, histidine, and tyrosine.

3) alanine, aspartic acid, arginine, leucine/isoleucine, histidine, and tyrosine.

These combinations constitute the allowed sets of amino acids for Peptide X.

In addition, Peptide X was obtained by a tryptic cleavage, and, therefore, from the accepted specificity of trypsin, Peptide X must also have lysine or arginine as its carboxy terminal amino acid. With this constraint, the allowed library of linear peptides was constructed from all individual linear permutations of combinations 1, 2, and 3. The allowed library includes 528 linear peptides, one set of 264 peptides containing isoleucine (SEQ ID NOS:1-264) (shown below) and a corresponding set of 264 peptides in which isoleucine is replaced by leucine (not shown).

1) YIHWR 2) IYHWR 3) YHIWR 4) HYIWR 5) IHYWR 6) HIYWR 7) YIWHR 8) IYWHR 9) YWIHR 10) WYIHR 11) IWYHR 12) WIYHR 13) YHWIR 14) HYWIR 15) YWHIR 16) WYHIR 17) HWYIR 18) WHYIR 19) IHWYR 20) HIWYR 21) IWHYR 22) WIHYR 23) HWIYR 24) WHIYR 25) YIHEGR 26) IYHEGR 27) YHIEGR 28) HYIEGR 29) IHYEGR 30) HIYEGR 31) YIEHGR 32) IYEHGR 33) YEIHGR 34) EYIHGR 35) IEYHGR 36) EIYHGR 37) YHEIGR 38) HYEIGR 39) YEHIGR 40) EYHIGR 41) HEYIGR 42) EHYIGR 43) IHEYGR 44) HIEYGR 45) IEHYGR 46) EIHYGR 47) HEIYGR 48) EHIYGR 49) YIHGER 50) IYHGER 51) YHIGER 52) HYIGER 53) IHYGER 54) HIYGER 55) YIGHER 56) IYGHER 57) YGIHER 58) GYIHER 59) IGYHER 60) GIYHER 61) YHGIER 62) HYGIER 63) YGHIER 64) GYHIER 65) HGYIER 66) GHYIER 67) IHGYER 68) HIGYER 69) IGHYER 70) GIHYER 71) HGIYER 72) GHIYER 73) YIEGHR 74) IYEGHR 75) YEIGHR 76) EYIGHR 77) IEYGHR 78) EIYGHR 79) YIGEHR 80) IYGEHR 81) YGIEHR 82) GYIEHR 83) IGYEHR 84) GIYEHR 85) YEGIHR 86) EYGIHR 87) YGEIHR 88) GYEIHR 89) EGYIHR 90) GEYIHR 91) IEGYHR 92) EIGYHR 93) IGEYHR 94) GIEYHR 95) EGIYHR 96) GEIYHR 97) YHEGIR 98) HYEGIR 99) YEHGIR 100) EYHGIR 101) HEYGIR 102) EHYGIR 103) YHGEIR 104) HYGEIR 105) YGHEIR 106) GYHEIR 107) HGYEIR 108) GHYEIR 109) YEGHIR 110) EYGHIR 111) YGEHIR 112) GYEHIR 113) EGYHIR 114) GEYHIR 115) HEGYIR 116) EHGYIR 117) HGEYIR 118) GHEYIR 119) EGHYIR 120) GEHYIR 121) IHEGYR 122) HIEGYR 123) IEHGYR 124) EIHGYR 125) HEIGYR 126) EHIGYR 127) IHGEYR 128) HIGEYR 129) IGHEYR 130) GIHEYR 131) HGIEYR 132) GHIEYR 133) IEGHYR 134) EIGHYR 135) IGEHYR 136) GIEHYR 137) EGIHYR 138) GEIHYR 139) HEGIYR 140) EHGIYR 141) HGEIYR 142) GHEIYR 143) EGHIYR 144) GEHIYR 145) YIHDAR 146) IYHDAR 147) YHIDAR 148) HYIDAR 149) IHYDAR 150) HIYDAR 151) YIDHAR 152) IYDHAR 153) YDIHAR 154) DYIHAR 155) IDYHAR 156) DIYHAR 157) YHDIAR 158) HYDIAR 159) YDHIAR 160) DYHIAR 161) HDYIAR 162) DHYIAR 163) IHDYAR 164) HIDYAR 165) IDHYAR 166) DIHYAR 167) HDIYAR 168) DHIYAR 169) YIHADR 170) IYHADR 171) YHIADR 172) HYIADR 173) IHYADR 174) HIYADR 175) YIAHDR 176) IYAHDR 177) YAIHDR 178) AYIHDR 179) IAYHDR 180) AIYHDR 181) YHAIDR 182) HYAIDR 183) YAHIDR 184) AYHIDR 185) HAYIDR 186) AHYIDR 187) IHAYDR 188) HIAYDR 189) IAHYDR 190) AIHYDR 191) HAIYDR 192) AHIYDR 193) YIDAHR 194) IYDAHR 195) YDIAHR 196) DYIAHR 197) IDYAHR 198) DIYAHR 199) YIADHR 200) IYADHR 201) YAIDHR 202) AYIDHR 203) IAYDHR 204) AIYDHR 205) YDAIHR 206) DYAIHR 207) YADIHR 208) AYDIHR 209) DAYIHR 210) ADYIHR 211) IDAYHR 212) DIAYHR 213) IADYHR 214) AIDYHR 215) DAIYHR 216) ADIYHR 217) YHDAIR 218) HYDAIR 219) YDHAIR 220) DYHAIR 221) HDYAIR 222) DHYAIR 223) YHADIR 224) HYADIR 225) YAHDIR 226) AYHDIR 227) HAYDIR 228) AHYDIR 229) YDAHIR 230) DYAHIR 231) YADHIR 232) AYDHIR 233) DAYHIR 234) ADYHIR 235) HDAYIR 236) DHAYIR 237) HADYIR 238) AHDYIR 239) DAHYIR 240) ADHYIR 241) IHDAYR 242) HIDAYR 243) IDHAYR 244) DIHAYR 245) HDIAYR 246) DHIAYR 247) IHADYR 248) HIADYR 249) IAHDYR 250) AIHDYR 251) HAIDYR 252) AHIDYR 253) IDAHYR 254) DIAHYR 255) IADHYR 256) AIDHYR 257) DAIHYR 258) ADIHYR 259) HDAIYR 260) HADIYR 261) HADIYR 262) AHDIYR 263) DAHIYR 264) ADHIYR

The method of U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,897 was then used to match Peptide X to this library by MS/MS. The experimental tandem mass spectrum of Peptide X is shown in FIG. 5, and the 10 top ranking peptides matched to this spectrum are provided below (SEQ ID NOS:228, 238, 227, 237, 186, 226, 192, 225, 219, and 217, respectively). It was determined that the sequence of Peptide X is that of the top ranked peptide, AHYDIR (SEQ ID NO:228).

Rank/ (M + Sp H) Cn C * 10⁴ Sp Ions Reference Peptide 1/1 774.9 1.0000 1.8118 491.0 11/15 p(228) (−)AHYDIR 2/3 774.9 0.9308 1.6864 386.2 10/15 p(238) (−)AHDYIR 3/2 774.9 0.8012 1.4516 414.3 10/15 p(227) (−)HAYDIR 4/5 774.9 0.7319 1.3262 320.5  9/15 p(237) (−)HADYIR 5/1 774.9 0.7168 1.2987 491.0 11/15 p(186) (−)AHYIDR  6/12 774.9 0.6131 1.1108 248.3  9/15 p(226) (−)AYHDIR 7/3 774.9 0.6033 1.0930 386.2 10/15 p(192) (−)AHIYDR 8/9 774.9 0.5878 1.0651 264.1  9/15 p(225) (−)YAHDIR  9/50 774.9 0.5850 1.0599 156.5  7/15 p(219) (−)YDHAIR 10/14 774.9 0.5825 1.0553 247.9  9/15 p(217) (−)YHDAIR

Example 2

The amino acid sequence of Peptide Y, a known, standard peptide, was determined using the method of the invention, as applied to Peptide X in Example 1. Peptide Y has the following amino acid sequence: YGGFIRR (SEQ ID NO:265). The molecular mass of Peptide Y was determined to be 868.4719 to an experimental accuracy of 30 ppm from the mass spectrum shown in FIG. 6. The masses at 1296.6854 and 1570.6774 are from internal standards, added to allow instrument calibration.

The set of amino acids that are possibly part of Peptide Y were then defined for consideration in the analysis. The defined set of amino acids with the molecular mass of each amino acid less the mass of the one water molecule lost during peptide bond formation are the same as those used in Example 1.

As the mass of Peptide Y was measured as 868.4719 to an experimental accuracy of ±30 ppm, each allowed amino acid combination must therefore have a total mass equal to 868.4719±30 ppm. In addition, from the immonium ion region of the PSD trace from FIG. 6, shown in FIG. 7, it was determined that Peptide Y must also contain the following amino acids: tyrosine with a characteristic mass at 136.027, phenylalanine with a characteristic mass at 120.071, arginine with a characteristic mass at 175.00, and leucine or isoleucine with a characteristic mass at 85.9225.

Application of the equation in Example 1 demonstrated that only the following combinations of amino acids are allowed for Peptide Y:

1) Tyrosine, phenylalanine, arginine, asparagine, and arginine.

2) Tyrosine, phenylalanine, arginine, arginine, leucine/isoleucine, glycine, and glycine.

3) Tyrosine, phenylalanine, arginine, leucine/isoleucine, alanine, alanine, and glutamine.

4) Tyrosine, phenylalanine, arginine, leucine/isoleucine, glycine, valine, and asparagine

5) Tyrosine, phenylalanine, arginine, leucine/isoleucine, glycine, glycine, glycine, and valine

6) Tyrosine, phenylalanine, arginine, leucine/isoleucine, glycine, alanine, alanine, and alanine

These combinations constitute the allowed set of amino acid combinations for Peptide Y.

In addition, Peptide Y was obtained by a tryptic cleavage, and, thus, from the accepted specificity of trypsin, Peptide Y must also have lysine or arginine as its carboxy terminal amino acid. With this constraint, the allowed library of linear peptides for Peptide Y is constructed from all individual linear permutations of the combinations above. The allowed library includes over 20,000 peptides, and is thus not shown.

As with Example 1, the method of U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,897 was then used to match Peptide Y to this library by tandem mass spectrometry. The experimental tandem mass spectrum of Peptide Y is shown in FIG. 8, and the top 10 ranking peptides matched to this spectrum are given below (SEQ ID NOS:265-274). Of these ten, the top ranking peptide, YGGFIRR is known to be Peptide Y.

Rank/ (M + Refer- Sp H) Cn C * 10⁴ Sp Ions ence Peptide 1/3 868.5 1.000 1.894 376.6 11/24 p(415) (−)YGGFIRR 2/1 868.5 0.967 1.831 440.4 11/24 p(298) (−)YGGRIFR  3/15 868.5 0.966 1.830 322.8 11/28 p(1975) (−)YGGFIGVR  4/15 868.5 0.965 1.828 322.8 11/28 p(1735) (−)YGGFIVGR 5/5 868.5 0.961 1.821 361.7 11/24 p(454) (−)YGGRFIR 6/2 868.5 0.960 1.819 408.0 11/24 p(1311) (−)YGVNIFR  7/12 868.5 0.951 1.802 333.7 11/24 p(1527) (−)YGVNFIR 8/8 868.5 0.942 1.783 356.9 11/28 p(2153) (−)YGGGVIFR  9/13 868.5 0.937 1.775 331.0 11/24 p(394) (−)YGGIFRR 10/8  868.5 0.935 1.771 356.9 11/28 p(2147) (−)YGGVGIFR

Example 3

The amino acid sequence of Peptide Z, a known standard peptide, was determined using the method of the invention, as applied to Peptide X in Example 1 and Peptide Y in Example 2. Peptide Z has the following amino acid sequence: RPPGFSPFR (SEQ ID NO:344). The molecular mass of Peptide Z was determined to be 1060.5660 to an experimental accuracy of 30 ppm from the mass spectrum shown in FIG. 9. The masses at 1181.6477, 1296.6933 and 1570.6774 are from internal standards, added to allow instrument calibration.

The set of amino acids that are possibly part of Peptide Z were then defined for consideration in the analysis. The defined set of amino acids with the molecular mass of each amino acid less the mass of the one water molecule lost during peptide bond formation are the same as those used in Examples 1 and 2.

As the mass of Peptide Z was measured as 1060.5660 to an experimental accuracy of 30 ppm, each allowed amino acid combination must therefore sum to a mass equal to 1060.5660±30 ppm. In addition, from the immonium ion region of the PSD trace from FIG. 9, shown in FIG. 10, it was determined that Peptide Z must also contain the following amino acids: phenylalanine with a characteristic mass at 120.20, arginine with a characteristic mass at 174.94, serine together with proline as deduced from the mass at 167.23, and glycine together with proline as deduced from the mass at 155.66.

Application of the equation in Example 1 was used to determine the allowed combinations of amino acids for Peptide Z, and demonstrates that only the following combinations of amino acids are allowed for Peptide Y (SEQ ID NOS:275-343):

PTIW+FRPSG GAAAAR+FRPSG GVVNK+FRPSG AVVID+FRPSG VVIW+FRPSG GPPVF+FRPSG ASPNK+FRPSG SPVVD+FRPSG GQRR+FRPSG GPVIM+FRPSG GGAAIK+FRPSG GVINN+FRPSG ANRR+FRPSG APVVM+FRPSG GGGPTK+FRPSG AVVNN+FRPSG GOARR+FRPSG AAIIE+FRPSG GGGVVK+FRPSG GGGVIN+FRPSG PPFR+FRPSG. GPTIE+FRPSG GAAAVK+FRPSG GAAAIN+FRPSG PIMR+FRPSG GVVIE+FRPSG GGASPK+FRPSG GGAVVN+FRPSG VIER+FRPSG ASPIE+FRPSG IQQQ+FRPSG AAAAVN+FRPSG VNQR+FRPSG APVTE+FRPSG GAIQQ+FRPSG SSPII+FRPSG CGVQR+FRPSG AVVVE+FRPSG AAVQQ+FRPSG SPVTI+FRPSG AAAQR+FRPSG GSPKK+FRPSG AAINQ+FRPSG GGGGGVI+FRPSG IIDR+FRPSG IQQK+FRPSG GVVNQ+FRPSG GGGAAAAI+FRPSG INM+FRPSG GAIQK+FRPSG GGAAIQ+FRPSG PPTTT+FRPSG GGINR+FRPSG AAVQK+FRPSG GGGVVQ+FRPSG PVVTT+FRPSG GAVNR+FRPSG GSPQK+FRPSG AAAVQ+FRPSG GGGGAVV+FRPSG GGGGIR+FRPSG AAINY+FRPSG GVIID+FRPSG GGAAAAV+FRPSG GGGAVR+FRPSG GPTNK+FRPSG APTID+FRPSG AAAAAAA+FRPSG

These combinations constitute the allowed set of amino acid combinations for Peptide Z.

In addition, Peptide Z was obtained by a tryptic cleavage, and, from the accepted specificity of trypsin, Peptide Z must have lysine or arginine as its carboxy terminal amino acid. With this constraint, the allowed library of linear peptides for Peptide Z is constructed from all individual linear permutations of the combinations above. The allowed library includes over 2,000,000 peptides, and is thus not shown.

As with Examples 1 and 2, the method of U.S. Pat. No. 5,538,897 was then used to match Peptide Z to this library by tandem mass spectrometry. The experimental tandem mass spectrum of Peptide Z is shown in FIG. 11, and the top 10 ranking peptides matched to this spectrum provided below (SEQ ID NOS:344-353). Of these ten, the top ranking peptide, RPPGFSPFR (SEQ ID NO:344) is known to be Peptide Z.

Rank/ (M + C * Refer- Sp H) Cn 10⁴ Sp Ions ence   Peptide 1/1 1061.2 1.000 3.310 1163.5 19/24 p(135) (−)RPPGFSPFR 2/2 1061.2 0.871 2.884 1126.6 19/24 p(120) (−)RPPGFPSFR 3/5 1061.2 0.857 2.835  824.7 17/24 p(122) (−)RPPFGPSFR  4/11 1061.2 0.849 2.811  692.8 16/24 p(164) (−)RPPGFFPSR 5/4 1061.2 0.833 2.759  831.2 17/24 p(189) (−)RPPGFFSPR 6/3 1061.2 0.831 2.749  872.9 17/24 p(131) (−)RPPSFGPFR 7/6 1061.2 0.819 2.711  797.1 17/24 p(126) (−)RPFGPPSFR  8/12 1061.2 0.806 2.668  674.0 16/24 p(100) (−)RPPGPSFFR  9/13 1061.2 0.792 2.623  668.4 16/24 p(137) (−)RFPPGSPFR 10/14 1061.2 0.782 2.588  656.5 16/24 p(138) (−)RFGPPSPFR

While it is apparent that the invention disclosed herein is well calculated to fulfill the objectives stated above, it will be appreciated that numerous modifications and embodiments may be devised by those skilled in the art. Therefore, it is intended that the appended claims cover all such modifications and embodiments that fall within the true spirit and scope of the present invention.

353 1 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 1 Tyr Ile His Trp Arg 1 5 2 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 2 Ile Tyr His Trp Arg 1 5 3 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 3 Tyr His Ile Trp Arg 1 5 4 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 4 His Tyr Ile Trp Arg 1 5 5 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 5 Ile His Tyr Trp Arg 1 5 6 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 6 His Ile Tyr Trp Arg 1 5 7 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 7 Tyr Ile Trp His Arg 1 5 8 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 8 Ile Tyr Trp His Arg 1 5 9 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 9 Tyr Trp Ile His Arg 1 5 10 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 10 Trp Tyr Ile His Arg 1 5 11 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 11 Ile Trp Tyr His Arg 1 5 12 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 12 Trp Ile Tyr His Arg 1 5 13 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 13 Tyr His Trp Ile Arg 1 5 14 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 14 His Tyr Trp Ile Arg 1 5 15 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 15 Tyr Trp His Ile Arg 1 5 16 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 16 Trp Tyr His Ile Arg 1 5 17 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 17 His Trp Tyr Ile Arg 1 5 18 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 18 Trp His Tyr Ile Arg 1 5 19 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 19 Ile His Trp Tyr Arg 1 5 20 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 20 His Ile Trp Tyr Arg 1 5 21 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 21 Ile Trp His Tyr Arg 1 5 22 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 22 Trp Ile His Tyr Arg 1 5 23 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 23 His Trp Ile Tyr Arg 1 5 24 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 24 Trp His Ile Tyr Arg 1 5 25 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 25 Tyr Ile His Glu Gly Arg 1 5 26 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 26 Ile Tyr His Glu Gly Arg 1 5 27 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 27 Tyr His Ile Glu Gly Arg 1 5 28 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 28 His Tyr Ile Glu Gly Arg 1 5 29 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 29 Ile His Tyr Glu Gly Arg 1 5 30 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 30 His Ile Tyr Glu Gly Arg 1 5 31 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 31 Tyr Ile Glu His Gly Arg 1 5 32 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 32 Ile Tyr Glu His Gly Arg 1 5 33 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 33 Tyr Glu Ile His Gly Arg 1 5 34 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 34 Glu Tyr Ile His Gly Arg 1 5 35 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 35 Ile Glu Tyr His Gly Arg 1 5 36 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 36 Glu Ile Tyr His Gly Arg 1 5 37 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 37 Tyr His Glu Ile Gly Arg 1 5 38 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 38 His Tyr Glu Ile Gly Arg 1 5 39 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 39 Tyr Glu His Ile Gly Arg 1 5 40 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 40 Glu Tyr His Ile Gly Arg 1 5 41 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 41 His Glu Tyr Ile Gly Arg 1 5 42 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 42 Glu His Tyr Ile Gly Arg 1 5 43 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 43 Ile His Glu Tyr Gly Arg 1 5 44 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 44 His Ile Glu Tyr Gly Arg 1 5 45 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 45 Ile Glu His Tyr Gly Arg 1 5 46 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 46 Glu Ile His Tyr Gly Arg 1 5 47 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 47 His Glu Ile Tyr Gly Arg 1 5 48 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 48 Glu His Ile Tyr Gly Arg 1 5 49 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 49 Tyr Ile His Gly Glu Arg 1 5 50 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 50 Ile Tyr His Gly Glu Arg 1 5 51 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 51 Tyr His Ile Gly Glu Arg 1 5 52 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 52 His Tyr Ile Gly Glu Arg 1 5 53 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 53 Ile His Tyr Gly Glu Arg 1 5 54 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 54 His Ile Tyr Gly Glu Arg 1 5 55 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 55 Tyr Ile Gly His Glu Arg 1 5 56 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 56 Ile Tyr Gly His Glu Arg 1 5 57 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 57 Tyr Gly Ile His Glu Arg 1 5 58 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 58 Gly Tyr Ile His Glu Arg 1 5 59 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 59 Ile Gly Tyr His Glu Arg 1 5 60 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 60 Gly Ile Tyr His Glu Arg 1 5 61 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 61 Tyr His Gly Ile Glu Arg 1 5 62 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 62 His Tyr Gly Ile Glu Arg 1 5 63 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 63 Tyr Gly His Ile Glu Arg 1 5 64 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 64 Gly Tyr His Ile Glu Arg 1 5 65 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 65 His Gly Tyr Ile Glu Arg 1 5 66 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 66 Gly His Tyr Ile Glu Arg 1 5 67 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 67 Ile His Gly Tyr Glu Arg 1 5 68 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 68 His Ile Gly Tyr Glu Arg 1 5 69 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 69 Ile Gly His Tyr Glu Arg 1 5 70 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 70 Gly Ile His Tyr Glu Arg 1 5 71 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 71 His Gly Ile Tyr Glu Arg 1 5 72 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 72 Gly His Ile Tyr Glu Arg 1 5 73 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 73 Tyr Ile Glu Gly His Arg 1 5 74 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 74 Ile Tyr Glu Gly His Arg 1 5 75 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 75 Tyr Glu Ile Gly His Arg 1 5 76 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 76 Glu Tyr Ile Gly His Arg 1 5 77 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 77 Ile Glu Tyr Gly His Arg 1 5 78 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 78 Glu Ile Tyr Gly His Arg 1 5 79 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 79 Tyr Ile Gly Glu His Arg 1 5 80 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 80 Ile Tyr Gly Glu His Arg 1 5 81 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 81 Tyr Gly Ile Glu His Arg 1 5 82 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 82 Gly Tyr Ile Glu His Arg 1 5 83 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 83 Ile Gly Tyr Glu His Arg 1 5 84 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 84 Gly Ile Tyr Glu His Arg 1 5 85 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 85 Tyr Glu Gly Ile His Arg 1 5 86 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 86 Glu Tyr Gly Ile His Arg 1 5 87 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 87 Tyr Gly Glu Ile His Arg 1 5 88 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 88 Gly Tyr Glu Ile His Arg 1 5 89 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 89 Glu Gly Tyr Ile His Arg 1 5 90 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 90 Gly Glu Tyr Ile His Arg 1 5 91 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 91 Ile Glu Gly Tyr His Arg 1 5 92 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 92 Glu Ile Gly Tyr His Arg 1 5 93 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 93 Ile Gly Glu Tyr His Arg 1 5 94 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 94 Gly Ile Glu Tyr His Arg 1 5 95 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 95 Glu Gly Ile Tyr His Arg 1 5 96 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 96 Gly Glu Ile Tyr His Arg 1 5 97 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 97 Tyr His Glu Gly Ile Arg 1 5 98 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 98 His Tyr Glu Gly Ile Arg 1 5 99 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 99 Tyr Glu His Gly Ile Arg 1 5 100 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 100 Glu Tyr His Gly Ile Arg 1 5 101 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 101 His Glu Tyr Gly Ile Arg 1 5 102 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 102 Glu His Tyr Gly Ile Arg 1 5 103 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 103 Tyr His Gly Glu Ile Arg 1 5 104 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 104 His Tyr Gly Glu Ile Arg 1 5 105 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 105 Tyr Gly His Glu Ile Arg 1 5 106 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 106 Gly Tyr His Glu Ile Arg 1 5 107 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 107 His Gly Tyr Glu Ile Arg 1 5 108 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 108 Gly His Tyr Glu Ile Arg 1 5 109 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 109 Tyr Glu Gly His Ile Arg 1 5 110 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 110 Glu Tyr Gly His Ile Arg 1 5 111 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 111 Tyr Gly Glu His Ile Arg 1 5 112 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 112 Gly Tyr Glu His Ile Arg 1 5 113 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 113 Glu Gly Tyr His Ile Arg 1 5 114 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 114 Gly Glu Tyr His Ile Arg 1 5 115 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 115 His Glu Gly Tyr Ile Arg 1 5 116 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 116 Glu His Gly Tyr Ile Arg 1 5 117 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 117 His Gly Glu Tyr Ile Arg 1 5 118 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 118 Gly His Glu Tyr Ile Arg 1 5 119 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 119 Glu Gly His Tyr Ile Arg 1 5 120 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 120 Gly Glu His Tyr Ile Arg 1 5 121 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 121 Ile His Glu Gly Tyr Arg 1 5 122 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 122 His Ile Glu Gly Tyr Arg 1 5 123 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 123 Ile Glu His Gly Tyr Arg 1 5 124 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 124 Glu Ile His Gly Tyr Arg 1 5 125 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 125 His Glu Ile Gly Tyr Arg 1 5 126 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 126 Glu His Ile Gly Tyr Arg 1 5 127 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 127 Ile His Gly Glu Tyr Arg 1 5 128 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 128 His Ile Gly Glu Tyr Arg 1 5 129 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 129 Ile Gly His Glu Tyr Arg 1 5 130 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 130 Gly Ile His Glu Tyr Arg 1 5 131 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 131 His Gly Ile Glu Tyr Arg 1 5 132 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 132 Gly His Ile Glu Tyr Arg 1 5 133 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 133 Ile Glu Gly His Tyr Arg 1 5 134 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 134 Glu Ile Gly His Tyr Arg 1 5 135 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 135 Ile Gly Glu His Tyr Arg 1 5 136 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 136 Gly Ile Glu His Tyr Arg 1 5 137 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 137 Glu Gly Ile His Tyr Arg 1 5 138 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 138 Gly Glu Ile His Tyr Arg 1 5 139 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 139 His Glu Gly Ile Tyr Arg 1 5 140 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 140 Glu His Gly Ile Tyr Arg 1 5 141 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 141 His Gly Glu Ile Tyr Arg 1 5 142 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 142 Gly His Glu Ile Tyr Arg 1 5 143 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 143 Glu Gly His Ile Tyr Arg 1 5 144 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 144 Gly Glu His Ile Tyr Arg 1 5 145 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 145 Tyr Ile His Asp Ala Arg 1 5 146 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 146 Ile Tyr His Asp Ala Arg 1 5 147 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 147 Tyr His Ile Asp Ala Arg 1 5 148 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 148 His Tyr Ile Asp Ala Arg 1 5 149 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 149 Ile His Tyr Asp Ala Arg 1 5 150 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 150 His Ile Tyr Asp Ala Arg 1 5 151 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 151 Tyr Ile Asp His Ala Arg 1 5 152 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 152 Ile Tyr Asp His Ala Arg 1 5 153 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 153 Tyr Asp Ile His Ala Arg 1 5 154 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 154 Asp Tyr Ile His Ala Arg 1 5 155 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 155 Ile Asp Tyr His Ala Arg 1 5 156 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 156 Asp Ile Tyr His Ala Arg 1 5 157 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 157 Tyr His Asp Ile Ala Arg 1 5 158 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 158 His Tyr Asp Ile Ala Arg 1 5 159 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 159 Tyr Asp His Ile Ala Arg 1 5 160 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 160 Asp Tyr His Ile Ala Arg 1 5 161 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 161 His Asp Tyr Ile Ala Arg 1 5 162 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 162 Asp His Tyr Ile Ala Arg 1 5 163 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 163 Ile His Asp Tyr Ala Arg 1 5 164 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 164 His Ile Asp Tyr Ala Arg 1 5 165 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 165 Ile Asp His Tyr Ala Arg 1 5 166 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 166 Asp Ile His Tyr Ala Arg 1 5 167 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 167 His Asp Ile Tyr Ala Arg 1 5 168 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 168 Asp His Ile Tyr Ala Arg 1 5 169 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 169 Tyr Ile His Ala Asp Arg 1 5 170 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 170 Ile Tyr His Ala Asp Arg 1 5 171 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 171 Tyr His Ile Ala Asp Arg 1 5 172 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 172 His Tyr Ile Ala Asp Arg 1 5 173 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 173 Ile His Tyr Ala Asp Arg 1 5 174 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 174 His Ile Tyr Ala Asp Arg 1 5 175 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 175 Tyr Ile Ala His Asp Arg 1 5 176 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 176 Ile Tyr Ala His Asp Arg 1 5 177 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 177 Tyr Ala Ile His Asp Arg 1 5 178 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 178 Ala Tyr Ile His Asp Arg 1 5 179 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 179 Ile Ala Tyr His Asp Arg 1 5 180 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 180 Ala Ile Tyr His Asp Arg 1 5 181 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 181 Tyr His Ala Ile Asp Arg 1 5 182 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 182 His Tyr Ala Ile Asp Arg 1 5 183 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 183 Tyr Ala His Ile Asp Arg 1 5 184 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 184 Ala Tyr His Ile Asp Arg 1 5 185 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 185 His Ala Tyr Ile Asp Arg 1 5 186 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 186 Ala His Tyr Ile Asp Arg 1 5 187 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 187 Ile His Ala Tyr Asp Arg 1 5 188 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 188 His Ile Ala Tyr Asp Arg 1 5 189 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 189 Ile Ala His Tyr Asp Arg 1 5 190 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 190 Ala Ile His Tyr Asp Arg 1 5 191 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 191 His Ala Ile Tyr Asp Arg 1 5 192 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 192 Ala His Ile Tyr Asp Arg 1 5 193 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 193 Tyr Ile Asp Ala His Arg 1 5 194 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 194 Ile Tyr Asp Ala His Arg 1 5 195 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 195 Tyr Asp Ile Ala His Arg 1 5 196 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 196 Asp Tyr Ile Ala His Arg 1 5 197 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 197 Ile Asp Tyr Ala His Arg 1 5 198 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 198 Asp Ile Tyr Ala His Arg 1 5 199 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 199 Tyr Ile Ala Asp His Arg 1 5 200 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 200 Ile Tyr Ala Asp His Arg 1 5 201 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 201 Tyr Ala Ile Asp His Arg 1 5 202 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 202 Ala Tyr Ile Asp His Arg 1 5 203 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 203 Ile Ala Tyr Asp His Arg 1 5 204 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 204 Ala Ile Tyr Asp His Arg 1 5 205 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 205 Tyr Asp Ala Ile His Arg 1 5 206 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 206 Asp Tyr Ala Ile His Arg 1 5 207 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 207 Tyr Ala Asp Ile His Arg 1 5 208 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 208 Ala Tyr Asp Ile His Arg 1 5 209 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 209 Asp Ala Tyr Ile His Arg 1 5 210 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 210 Ala Asp Tyr Ile His Arg 1 5 211 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 211 Ile Asp Ala Tyr His Arg 1 5 212 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 212 Asp Ile Ala Tyr His Arg 1 5 213 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 213 Ile Ala Asp Tyr His Arg 1 5 214 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 214 Ala Ile Asp Tyr His Arg 1 5 215 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 215 Asp Ala Ile Tyr His Arg 1 5 216 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 216 Ala Asp Ile Tyr His Arg 1 5 217 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 217 Tyr His Asp Ala Ile Arg 1 5 218 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 218 His Tyr Asp Ala Ile Arg 1 5 219 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 219 Tyr Asp His Ala Ile Arg 1 5 220 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 220 Asp Tyr His Ala Ile Arg 1 5 221 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 221 His Asp Tyr Ala Ile Arg 1 5 222 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 222 Asp His Tyr Ala Ile Arg 1 5 223 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 223 Tyr His Ala Asp Ile Arg 1 5 224 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 224 His Tyr Ala Asp Ile Arg 1 5 225 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 225 Tyr Ala His Asp Ile Arg 1 5 226 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 226 Ala Tyr His Asp Ile Arg 1 5 227 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 227 His Ala Tyr Asp Ile Arg 1 5 228 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 228 Ala His Tyr Asp Ile Arg 1 5 229 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 229 Tyr Asp Ala His Ile Arg 1 5 230 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 230 Asp Tyr Ala His Ile Arg 1 5 231 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 231 Tyr Ala Asp His Ile Arg 1 5 232 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 232 Ala Tyr Asp His Ile Arg 1 5 233 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 233 Asp Ala Tyr His Ile Arg 1 5 234 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 234 Ala Asp Tyr His Ile Arg 1 5 235 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 235 His Asp Ala Tyr Ile Arg 1 5 236 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 236 Asp His Ala Tyr Ile Arg 1 5 237 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 237 His Ala Asp Tyr Ile Arg 1 5 238 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 238 Ala His Asp Tyr Ile Arg 1 5 239 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 239 Asp Ala His Tyr Ile Arg 1 5 240 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 240 Ala Asp His Tyr Ile Arg 1 5 241 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 241 Ile His Asp Ala Tyr Arg 1 5 242 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 242 His Ile Asp Ala Tyr Arg 1 5 243 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 243 Ile Asp His Ala Tyr Arg 1 5 244 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 244 Asp Ile His Ala Tyr Arg 1 5 245 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 245 His Asp Ile Ala Tyr Arg 1 5 246 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 246 Asp His Ile Ala Tyr Arg 1 5 247 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 247 Ile His Ala Asp Tyr Arg 1 5 248 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 248 His Ile Ala Asp Tyr Arg 1 5 249 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 249 Ile Ala His Asp Tyr Arg 1 5 250 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 250 Ala Ile His Asp Tyr Arg 1 5 251 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 251 His Ala Ile Asp Tyr Arg 1 5 252 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 252 Ala His Ile Asp Tyr Arg 1 5 253 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 253 Ile Asp Ala His Tyr Arg 1 5 254 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 254 Asp Ile Ala His Tyr Arg 1 5 255 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 255 Ile Ala Asp His Tyr Arg 1 5 256 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 256 Ala Ile Asp His Tyr Arg 1 5 257 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 257 Asp Ala Ile His Tyr Arg 1 5 258 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 258 Ala Asp Ile His Tyr Arg 1 5 259 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 259 His Asp Ala Ile Tyr Arg 1 5 260 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 260 His Ala Asp Ile Tyr Arg 1 5 261 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 261 His Ala Asp Ile Tyr Arg 1 5 262 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 262 Ala His Asp Ile Tyr Arg 1 5 263 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 263 Asp Ala His Ile Tyr Arg 1 5 264 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide X Library 264 Ala Asp His Ile Tyr Arg 1 5 265 7 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Y Library 265 Tyr Gly Gly Phe Ile Arg Arg 1 5 266 7 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Y Library 266 Tyr Gly Gly Arg Ile Phe Arg 1 5 267 8 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Y Library 267 Tyr Gly Gly Phe Ile Gly Val Arg 1 5 268 8 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Y Library 268 Tyr Gly Gly Phe Ile Val Gly Arg 1 5 269 7 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Y Library 269 Tyr Gly Gly Arg Phe Ile Arg 1 5 270 7 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Y Library 270 Tyr Gly Val Asn Ile Phe Arg 1 5 271 7 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Y Library 271 Tyr Gly Val Asn Phe Ile Arg 1 5 272 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Y Library 272 Tyr Gly Gly Gly Val Ile 1 5 273 7 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Y Library 273 Tyr Gly Gly Ile Phe Arg Arg 1 5 274 8 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Y Library 274 Tyr Gly Gly Val Gly Ile Phe Arg 1 5 275 4 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 275 Pro Thr Ile Trp 1 276 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 276 Phe Arg Pro Ser Gly 1 5 277 4 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 277 Val Val Ile Trp 1 278 4 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 278 Gly Gln Arg Arg 1 279 4 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 279 Ala Asn Arg Arg 1 280 4 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 280 Gly Ala Arg Arg 1 281 4 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 281 Pro Pro Phe Arg 1 282 4 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 282 Pro Ile Met Arg 1 283 4 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 283 Val Ile Glu Arg 1 284 4 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 284 Val Asn Gln Arg 1 285 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 285 Cys Gly Val Gln Arg 1 5 286 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 286 Ala Ala Ala Gln Arg 1 5 287 4 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 287 Ile Ile Asp Arg 1 288 3 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 288 Ile Asn Met 1 289 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 289 Gly Gly Ile Asn Arg 1 5 290 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 290 Gly Ala Val Asn Arg 1 5 291 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 291 Gly Gly Gly Gly Ile Arg 1 5 292 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 292 Gly Gly Gly Ala Val Arg 1 5 293 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 293 Gly Ala Ala Ala Ala Arg 1 5 294 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 294 Gly Pro Pro Val Phe 1 5 295 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 295 Gly Pro Val Ile Met 1 5 296 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 296 Ala Pro Val Val Met 1 5 297 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 297 Ala Ala Ile Ile Glu 1 5 298 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 298 Gly Pro Thr Ile Glu 1 5 299 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 299 Gly Val Val Ile Glu 1 5 300 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 300 Ala Ser Pro Ile Glu 1 5 301 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 301 Ala Pro Val Thr Glu 1 5 302 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 302 Ala Val Val Val Glu 1 5 303 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 303 Gly Ser Pro Lys Lys 1 5 304 4 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 304 Ile Gln Gln Lys 1 305 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 305 Gly Ala Ile Gln Lys 1 5 306 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 306 Ala Ala Val Gln Lys 1 5 307 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 307 Gly Ser Pro Gln Lys 1 5 308 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 308 Ala Ala Ile Asn Tyr 1 5 309 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 309 Gly Pro Thr Asn Lys 1 5 310 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 310 Gly Val Val Asn Lys 1 5 311 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 311 Ala Ser Pro Asn Lys 1 5 312 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 312 Gly Gly Ala Ala Ile Lys 1 5 313 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 313 Gly Gly Gly Pro Thr Lys 1 5 314 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 314 Gly Gly Gly Val Val Lys 1 5 315 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 315 Gly Ala Ala Ala Val Lys 1 5 316 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 316 Gly Gly Ala Ser Pro Lys 1 5 317 4 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 317 Ile Gln Gln Gln 1 318 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 318 Gly Ala Ile Gln Gln 1 5 319 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 319 Ala Ala Val Gln Gln 1 5 320 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 320 Ala Ala Ile Asn Gln 1 5 321 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 321 Gly Val Val Asn Gln 1 5 322 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 322 Gly Gly Ala Ala Ile Gln 1 5 323 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 323 Gly Gly Gly Val Val Gln 1 5 324 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 324 Ala Ala Ala Val Gln 1 5 325 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 325 Gly Val Ile Ile Asp 1 5 326 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 326 Ala Pro Thr Ile Asp 1 5 327 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 327 Ala Val Val Ile Asp 1 5 328 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 328 Ser Pro Val Val Asp 1 5 329 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 329 Gly Val Ile Asn Asn 1 5 330 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 330 Ala Val Val Asn Asn 1 5 331 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 331 Gly Gly Gly Val Ile Asn 1 5 332 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 332 Gly Ala Ala Ala Ile Asn 1 5 333 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 333 Gly Gly Ala Val Val Asn 1 5 334 6 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 334 Ala Ala Ala Ala Val Asn 1 5 335 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 335 Ser Ser Pro Ile Ile 1 5 336 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 336 Ser Pro Val Thr Ile 1 5 337 7 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 337 Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Val Ile 1 5 338 8 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 338 Gly Gly Gly Ala Ala Ala Ala Ile 1 5 339 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 339 Pro Pro Thr Thr Thr 1 5 340 5 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 340 Pro Val Val Thr Thr 1 5 341 7 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 341 Gly Gly Gly Gly Ala Val Val 1 5 342 7 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 342 Gly Gly Ala Ala Ala Ala Val 1 5 343 7 PRT Artificial Sequence Peptide Z Library 343 Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala Ala 1 5 344 9 PRT Artificial Sequence Top Ranked Peptide Library 344 Arg Pro Pro Gly Phe Ser Pro Phe Arg 1 5 345 9 PRT Artificial Sequence Top Ranked Peptide Library 345 Arg Pro Pro Gly Phe Pro Ser Phe Arg 1 5 346 9 PRT Artificial Sequence Top Ranked Peptide Library 346 Arg Pro Pro Phe Gly Pro Ser Phe Arg 1 5 347 9 PRT Artificial Sequence Top Ranked Peptide Library 347 Arg Pro Pro Gly Phe Phe Pro Ser Arg 1 5 348 9 PRT Artificial Sequence Top Ranked Peptide Library 348 Arg Pro Pro Gly Phe Phe Ser Pro Arg 1 5 349 9 PRT Artificial Sequence Top Ranked Peptide Library 349 Arg Pro Pro Ser Phe Gly Pro Phe Arg 1 5 350 9 PRT Artificial Sequence Top Ranked Peptide Library 350 Arg Pro Phe Gly Pro Pro Ser Phe Arg 1 5 351 9 PRT Artificial Sequence Top Ranked Peptide Library 351 Arg Pro Pro Gly Pro Ser Phe Phe Arg 1 5 352 9 PRT Artificial Sequence Top Ranked Peptide Library 352 Arg Phe Pro Pro Gly Ser Pro Phe Arg 1 5 353 9 PRT Artificial Sequence Top Ranked Peptide Library 353 Arg Phe Gly Pro Pro Ser Pro Phe Arg 1 5 

We claim:
 1. A method for determining the amino-acid sequence of a peptide of interest having a molecular mass, the method comprising: (a) designating a set of allowed amino acids; (b) determining the molecular mass of the peptide of interest; (c) collecting an experimental fragmentation mass spectrum for the peptide of interest using a mass spectrometer; (d) defining a set of allowed combinations comprising all combinations of allowed amino acids having a predicted total molecular mass consistent with the molecular mass of the peptide of interest; (e) defining a set of allowed peptides comprising all linear permutations of the allowed combinations; (f) calculating a theoretical fragmentation mass spectrum for allowed peptides in the set of allowed peptides, comprising calculating fragment-ion masses thereof and assigning an intensity value to one or more fragment ions of the theoretical fragmentation mass spectrum; and (g) comparing the experimental fragmentation mass spectrum of the peptide of interest to one or more theoretical fragmentation mass spectra calculated for the allowed peptides to determine the amino-acid sequence of the peptide of interest.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein the mass spectrometer is a time-of-flight mass spectrometer.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein the designated set of allowed amino acids comprises tryptophan, arginine, histidine, glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid, leucine, threonine, proline, alanine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, methionine, lysine, asparagine, isoleucine, cysteine, valine, serine, and glycine.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the molecular mass of the peptide of interest is determined with an accuracy of about 30 parts per million and the predicted total molecular mass of each allowed combination is within a range of plus or minus about 30 parts per million of the molecular mass of the peptide of interest.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein the peptide of interest has been treated to remove one or more post-translational modifications.
 6. The method of claim 1, further comprising calculating an indication of closeness-of-fit between the experimental fragmentation mass spectrum of the peptide of interest and the theoretical fragmentation mass spectra.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein calculating the indication of closeness-of-fit comprises selecting peak values in the theoretical fragmentation mass spectra having an assigned intensity greater than a predetermined threshold value.
 8. The method of claim 1, further comprising normalizing the experimental fragmentation mass spectrum.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein the designated set of allowed amino acids comprises carbamido cysteine.
 10. The method of clam 1, wherein the peptide of interest has a molecular mass of greater than about 1,400 Daltons.
 11. A method for determining the amino-acid sequence of a peptide of interest having a molecular mass, the method comprising: (a) designating a set of allowed amino acids; (b) determining the molecular mass of the peptide of interest; (c) collecting an experimental fragmentation mass spectrum for the peptide of interest using a mass spectrometer; (d) identifying one or more amino acids present in the peptide of interest; (e) defining a set of allowed combinations comprising all combinations of allowed amino acids having a predicted total molecular mass consistent with the molecular mass of the peptide of interest, wherein every allowed combination includes the one or more identified amino acids; (f) defining a set of allowed peptides comprising all linear permutations of the allowed combinations; (g) calculating a theoretical fragmentation mass spectrum for allowed peptides in the set of allowed peptides, comprising calculating fragment-ion masses thereof and assigning an intensity value to one or more fragment ions of the theoretical fragmentation mass spectrum; and (h) comparing the experimental fragmentation mass spectrum of the peptide of interest to one or more theoretical fragmentation mass spectra calculated for the allowed peptides to determine the amino-acid sequence of the peptide of interest.
 12. The method of claim 11, wherein the peptide of interest has a molecular mass of greater than about 1,400 Daltons.
 13. The method of claim 11, further comprising analyzing an immonium region of the experimental fragmentation mass spectrum to identify one or more amino acids.
 14. The method of claim 11, wherein a plurality of identified amino acids form a peptide fragment.
 15. The method of claim 11, wherein the designated set of allowed amino acids comprises tryptophan, arginine, histidine, glutamic acid, glutamine, aspartic acid, leucine, threonine, proline, alanine, tyrosine, phenylalanine, methionine, lysine, asparagine, isoleucine, cysteine, valine, serine, and glycine.
 16. The method of claim 11, wherein the designated set of allowed amino acids comprises carbamido cysteine.
 17. The method of claim 11, wherein the peptide of interest has been treated to remove one or more post-translational modifications. 